| 阿姨 | āyí | aunt / auntie |
| 矮 | ǎi | low; short (in length) |
| 爱人 | ài ren | spouse; husband or wife |
| 安静 | ānjìng | quiet / peaceful / calm |
| 安全 | ānquán | safe / safety / security |
| 把 | bǎ | (disposal preposition) / handle |
| 班级 | bān jí | class (group of students); grade (in school) |
| 搬 | bān | move / carry / relocate |
| 搬家 | bān jiā | to move house |
| 办 | bàn | to do; to manage |
| 办法 | bàn fǎ | way; method; solution |
| 办公室 | bàn gōng shì | office; business premises |
| 半天 | bàn tiān | half of the day; a long time |
| 帮助 | bāngzhù | help / assist |
| 饱 | bǎo | full (from eating) / satiated |
| 报纸 | bàozhǐ | newspaper |
| 北 | běi | north |
| 北方 | běifāng | north / the North |
| 被 | bèi | (passive marker: by); quilt |
| 比较 | bǐjiào | compare / comparatively / quite |
| 比如 | bǐ rú | for example; for instance |
| 比赛 | bǐsài | competition / match / contest |
| 笔记 | bǐ jì | notes; to take notes |
| 笔记本 | bǐ jì běn | notebook; laptop |
| 必须 | bì xū | to have to; must |
| 变 | biàn | to change; to become different |
| 变成 | biàn chéng | to change into; to turn into |
| 变化 | biànhuà | change / variation |
| 遍 | biàn | (measure word: one time through, from start to finish); everywhere |
| 表演 | biǎo yǎn | to perform; performance; show |
| 别的 | bié de | else; other |
| 别人 | bié ren | other people; others; other person |
| 宾馆 | bīnguǎn | hotel / guesthouse |
| 冰 | bīng | ice |
| 冰箱 | bīngxiāng | refrigerator / fridge |
| 病人 | bìng rén | sick person; patient |
| 不但 | búdàn | not only |
| 不见 | bù jiàn | not to see; not to meet; to be gone |
| 不久 | bù jiǔ | not long (after); before too long |
| 不同 | bù tóng | different; distinct |
| 不行 | bù xíng | won't do; be out of the question |
| 不用 | bù yòng | need not |
| 才 | cái | just / only then / not until |
| 菜单 | càidān | menu |
| 参加 | cānjiā | participate / join / attend |
| 草 | cǎo | grass / herb / plant |
| 草地 | cǎo dì | lawn; meadow |
| 层 | céng | floor; storey; layer |
| 查 | chá | check / look up / investigate |
| 差 | chà | bad / poor / lacking |
| 差不多 | chàbuduō | almost / more or less / about the same |
| 尝 | cháng | to taste; to try (food); to experience |
| 常 | cháng | often; frequent; common |
| 常常 | cháng cháng | frequently; often |
| 常见 | cháng jiàn | commonly seen; common |
| 常用 | cháng yòng | in common usage |
| 衬衫 | chènshān | shirt / blouse (button-up) |
| 成绩 | chéngjì | grade / achievement / result |
| 城市 | chéng shì | city; town |
| 迟到 | chídào | be late / arrive late |
| 出发 | chū fā | to set off; to start (on a journey) |
| 出生 | chū shēng | to be born |
| 出院 | chū yuàn | to leave hospital; to be discharged from hospital |
| 初中 | chū zhōng | junior high school |
| 除了 | chúle | except / besides / in addition to |
| 船 | chuán | boat / ship / vessel |
| 春天 | chūn tiān | spring (season) |
| 词典 | cí diǎn | dictionary |
| 聪明 | cōng ming | intelligent; clever |
| 打扫 | dǎsǎo | clean / sweep / tidy up |
| 打算 | dǎsuàn | plan / intend |
| 大概 | dàgài | probably / approximately / roughly |
| 大人 | dà ren | adult; grownup |
| 大小 | dà xiǎo | size |
| 大熊猫 | dà xióng māo | giant panda |
| 大衣 | dà yī | overcoat; topcoat |
| 带 | dài | bring / take / wear / lead |
| 担心 | dānxīn | worry / be anxious about |
| 蛋糕 | dàngāo | cake |
| 当然 | dāngrán | of course / certainly / naturally |
| 到处 | dào chù | everywhere |
| 地点 | dìdiǎn | place / location / venue |
| 地方 | dìfāng | place / area / location |
| 地图 | dìtú | map |
| 的话 | de huà | if (coming after a conditional clause) |
| 得到 | dédào | get / obtain / receive |
| 得分 | dé fēn | to score; score |
| 灯 | dēng | lamp / light |
| 电 | diàn | lightning; electricity |
| 电梯 | diàntī | lift / elevator |
| 丢 | diū | to lose; to put aside |
| 东 | dōng | east |
| 东北 | dōng běi | northeast |
| 东方 | dōng fāng | east; the East |
| 东南 | dōng nán | southeast |
| 冬天 | dōng tiān | winter |
| 懂得 | dǒng de | to understand; to know; to comprehend |
| 动物 | dòngwù | animal |
| 动物园 | dòng wù yuán | zoo |
| 短 | duǎn | short / brief |
| 短裤 | duǎn kù | short pants; shorts |
| 段 | duàn | section / paragraph / period |
| 锻炼 | duànliàn | exercise / work out / train |
| 对话 | duì huà | to talk (with sb); dialogue; conversation |
| 饿 | è | hungry |
| 而且 | érqiě | moreover / furthermore / besides |
| 耳朵 | ěrduo | ear |
| 耳机 | ěr jī | headphones; earphones |
| 发 | fā | send / issue / emit |
| 发烧 | fāshāo | have a fever / run a temperature |
| 发生 | fā shēng | to happen; to occur; to take place; to break out |
| 发现 | fāxiàn | discover / find out |
| 发展 | fāzhǎn | develop / growth / development |
| 方便 | fāngbiàn | convenient / handy |
| 方便面 | fāng biàn miàn | instant noodles |
| 方法 | fāngfǎ | method / approach / technique |
| 方向 | fāngxiàng | direction / orientation |
| 房子 | fáng zi | house; home (as property) |
| 放 | fàng | to put; to place |
| 放假 | fàng jià | to have a holiday or vacation |
| 放心 | fàng xīn | to feel relieved; to feel reassured |
| 放学 | fàng xué | to finish school for the day |
| 分开 | fēn kāi | to separate; to part |
| 风 | fēng | wind |
| 封 | fēng | (measure word for letters); to seal |
| 服务 | fúwù | service / serve |
| 附近 | fùjìn | nearby / in the vicinity |
| 复习 | fùxí | review / revise |
| 夫妻 | fū qī | husband and wife; married couple |
| 该 | gāi | should; ought to |
| 感到 | gǎn dào | to feel; to sense; to perceive |
| 感冒 | gǎn mào | to catch cold; (common) cold |
| 感兴趣 | gǎn xìngqù | be interested in |
| 干 | gān | dry / clean |
| 干净 | gān jìng | clean; neat |
| 刚 | gāng | just (now); barely; hard; firm |
| 刚才 | gāngcái | just now / a moment ago |
| 刚刚 | gāng gang | just recently; just a moment ago |
| 高铁 | gāotiě | high-speed rail / bullet train |
| 根据 | gēnjù | according to / based on |
| 更 | gèng | more; even more |
| 工作日 | gōng zuò rì | workday; working day |
| 公斤 | gōngjīn | kilogram |
| 公园 | gōngyuán | park / public garden |
| 故事 | gùshi | story / tale |
| 刮 | guā | to blow (of wind); to scrape; to shave |
| 关 | guān | close / shut / concern |
| 关机 | guān jī | to turn off (a device) |
| 关系 | guānxi | relationship / connection |
| 关心 | guānxīn | care about / show concern |
| 关于 | guān yú | pertaining to; concerning |
| 关注 | guān zhù | to pay attention to; to follow sth closely |
| 国家 | guó jiā | country; nation; state |
| 过节 | guò jié | to celebrate a festival |
| 海 | hǎi | sea / ocean |
| 害怕 | hàipà | afraid / scared / fear |
| 好多 | hǎo duō | many; quite a lot |
| 好久 | hǎo jiǔ | quite a while |
| 好像 | hǎo xiàng | as if; to seem like |
| 号码 | hào mǎ | number |
| 合适 | héshì | suitable / appropriate / fitting |
| 河 | hé | river |
| 黑板 | hēibǎn | blackboard / chalkboard |
| 后来 | hòulái | afterwards / later / then |
| 后年 | hòu nián | the year after next |
| 后天 | hòu tiān | the day after tomorrow |
| 护照 | hùzhào | passport |
| 花园 | huāyuán | garden / flower garden |
| 画家 | huà jiā | painter |
| 环境 | huánjìng | environment / surroundings |
| 换 | huàn | change / exchange / swap |
| 欢迎 | huānyíng | welcome |
| 黄色 | huáng sè | yellow |
| 回答 | huídá | answer / reply |
| 会议 | huìyì | meeting / conference |
| 或 | huò | or; perhaps |
| 或者 | huò zhě | or; either … or |
| 机会 | jīhuì | opportunity / chance |
| 鸡 | jī | chicken / rooster |
| 极 | jí | extremely / pole / utmost |
| 急 | jí | urgent; pressing |
| 几乎 | jīhū | almost / nearly / practically |
| 记 | jì | to record; to note |
| 季 | jì | season; the last month of a season |
| 季节 | jì jié | season |
| 加 | jiā | add / plus / increase |
| 假期 | jià qī | vacation |
| 坚持 | jiānchí | persist / insist / keep on |
| 检查 | jiǎn chá | to check; to examine; inspection |
| 简单 | jiǎndān | simple / easy / uncomplicated |
| 见面 | jiàn miàn | to meet; to see each other |
| 健康 | jiàn kāng | health; healthy |
| 讲 | jiǎng | speak / tell / explain |
| 角 | jiǎo | corner; angle; horn; jiao (0.1 yuan) |
| 脚 | jiǎo | foot; leg (of an animal or an object) |
| 接 | jiē | receive / meet / connect / pick up |
| 街 | jiē | street |
| 节 | jié | festival; (measure word for class periods); section; to save |
| 节目 | jiémù | programme / show / item |
| 节日 | jiérì | holiday / festival |
| 结婚 | jiéhūn | get married / marry |
| 结束 | jié shù | to end; to finish |
| 解决 | jiějué | solve / resolve / settle |
| 借 | jiè | to lend; to borrow |
| 姐妹 | jiě mèi | sisters |
| 斤 | jīn | catty; (PRC) weight equal to 500 g |
| 经过 | jīngguò | pass by / go through |
| 经理 | jīng lǐ | manager; director |
| 久 | jiǔ | (long) time; (long) duration of time |
| 酒 | jiǔ | wine (esp. rice wine); liquor |
| 旧 | jiù | old / used / former |
| 句 | jù | sentence; clause |
| 句子 | jù zi | sentence |
| 决定 | jué dìng | to decide; decision |
| 卡 | kǎ | card; (qiǎ) to get stuck |
| 开花 | kāi huā | to bloom; to blossom |
| 开会 | kāihuì | hold a meeting / have a meeting |
| 开机 | kāi jī | to turn on (a device) |
| 开心 | kāixīn | happy / joyful / delighted |
| 看来 | kàn lai | apparently; it seems that |
| 可 | kě | (prefix) can; may; able to; -able; to approve; to permit |
| 可爱 | kě ài | adorable; cute |
| 可是 | kě shì | but; however |
| 渴 | kě | thirsty |
| 刻 | kè | quarter hour / carve / engrave |
| 客人 | kèrén | guest / visitor |
| 课本 | kè běn | textbook |
| 课文 | kèwén | text / lesson text |
| 空调 | kōngtiáo | air conditioner / AC |
| 哭 | kū | cry / weep |
| 筷子 | kuàizi | chopsticks |
| 矿泉水 | kuàngquánshuǐ | mineral water |
| 来自 | láizì | come from / originate from |
| 蓝 | lán | blue |
| 老 | lǎo | old / aged / veteran |
| 老人 | lǎo rén | old man or woman; the elderly |
| 了解 | liǎojiě | understand / know about |
| 离开 | lí kāi | to depart; to leave |
| 礼物 | lǐwù | gift / present |
| 历史 | lìshǐ | history |
| 脸 | liǎn | face |
| 练 | liàn | to practice; to train |
| 练习 | liàn xí | to practice; exercise |
| 凉快 | liángkuài | cool and refreshing / pleasantly cool |
| 辆 | liàng | classifier for vehicles |
| 聊 | liáo | to chat; to depend upon (literary) |
| 聊天儿 | liáo tiān r | to chat |
| 邻居 | línjū | neighbor |
| 留学 | liú xué | to study abroad |
| 留学生 | liú xué shēng | student studying abroad; (foreign) exchange student |
| 楼梯 | lóutī | staircase / stairs |
| 路边 | lùbiān | roadside / by the road |
| 路口 | lùkǒu | intersection / crossroads |
| 马 | mǎ | horse |
| 马路 | mǎ lù | street; road |
| 马上 | mǎshàng | immediately / right away / at once |
| 满意 | mǎnyì | be satisfied / pleased |
| 毛 | máo | jiao (10 cents) / hair |
| 米 | mǐ | rice (uncooked) / metre |
| 面前 | miàn qián | in front of; facing |
| 名单 | míng dān | list of names |
| 名人 | míng rén | celebrity; famous person |
| 明白 | míngbai | understand / clear |
| 男人 | nán rén | a man; a male |
| 男生 | nán shēng | schoolboy; male student |
| 南 | nán | south |
| 南方 | nán fāng | south; the southern part of the country |
| 难 | nán | difficult (to...); problem |
| 难过 | nán guò | to feel sad; to feel bad |
| 难看 | nán kàn | ugly; unsightly |
| 难题 | nán tí | difficult problem |
| 难听 | nán tīng | unpleasant to hear; coarse |
| 年级 | niánjí | grade / year (school) |
| 年轻 | niánqīng | young / youthful |
| 牛 | niú | cow / bull / ox |
| 努力 | nǔlì | work hard / strive |
| 女人 | nǚrén | woman |
| 女生 | nǚ shēng | schoolgirl; female student |
| 爬 | pá | climb / crawl |
| 怕 | pà | fear / be afraid of |
| 拍照 | pāi zhào | to take a picture |
| 盘子 | pánzi | plate / dish |
| 胖 | pàng | fat; plump |
| 啤酒 | píjiǔ | beer |
| 平时 | píng shí | ordinarily; in normal times |
| 瓶子 | píng zi | bottle |
| 其实 | qíshí | actually / in fact / as a matter of fact |
| 其他 | qítā | other / else / the rest |
| 奇怪 | qí guài | strange; odd |
| 骑 | qí | to sit astride; to ride (a horse, bike etc) |
| 起 | qǐ | to rise; to raise |
| 起飞 | qǐ fēi | (of an aircraft) to take off |
| 汽车 | qì chē | car; automobile |
| 铅笔 | qiānbǐ | pencil |
| 前年 | qián nián | the year before last |
| 前天 | qián tiān | the day before yesterday |
| 清楚 | qīngchǔ | clear / distinct / understood |
| 请假 | qǐngjià | ask for leave / take time off |
| 请客 | qǐng kè | to treat sb (to a meal); to host guests |
| 秋天 | qiū tiān | autumn |
| 球场 | qiú chǎng | sports field; court; pitch |
| 裙子 | qúnzi | skirt / dress |
| 然后 | ránhòu | then / afterwards / after that |
| 热情 | rèqíng | enthusiastic / warm / passionate |
| 认得 | rèn de | to recognize; to remember sth (or sb) on seeing it |
| 认为 | rènwéi | think / believe / consider |
| 认真 | rènzhēn | serious / earnest / careful |
| 容易 | róngyì | easy / simple |
| 如果 | rúguǒ | if / in case |
| 伞 | sǎn | umbrella; parasol |
| 扫 | sǎo | to sweep |
| 沙发 | shā fā | sofa |
| 山 | shān | mountain / hill |
| 上衣 | shàng yī | jacket; top (clothing) |
| 勺子 | sháo zi | spoon; ladle |
| 身边 | shēn biān | at one's side; on hand |
| 身高 | shēn gāo | (a person's) height |
| 生活 | shēnghuó | life / living / lifestyle |
| 生气 | shēngqì | angry / get angry |
| 声 | shēng | sound; voice |
| 声音 | shēngyīn | sound / voice / noise |
| 世界 | shìjiè | world |
| 市 | shì | market; city |
| 试 | shì | try / test / attempt |
| 室 | shì | room; work unit |
| 收 | shōu | to receive; to accept |
| 收到 | shōu dào | to receive |
| 受 | shòu | to receive; to accept |
| 受到 | shòu dào | to receive (praise, influence etc); to be subjected to |
| 瘦 | shòu | thin; to lose weight |
| 叔叔 | shūshu | uncle (father's younger brother) |
| 树 | shù | tree |
| 数学 | shùxué | mathematics / math |
| 刷 | shuā | to brush; to paint |
| 双 | shuāng | pair / double / both |
| 水平 | shuǐpíng | level / standard / proficiency |
| 司机 | sījī | driver |
| 四季 | sì jì | the four seasons |
| 太阳 | tàiyáng | sun / sunshine |
| 糖 | táng | sugar / candy / sweet |
| 特别 | tèbié | special / especially / particularly |
| 提高 | tígāo | improve / raise / enhance |
| 体育 | tǐyù | sports / physical education |
| 体育馆 | tǐyùguǎn | gymnasium / sports hall |
| 甜 | tián | sweet / pleasant |
| 跳 | tiào | to jump; to hop |
| 听说 | tīng shuō | to hear (sth said); one hears (that) |
| 挺 | tǐng | quite; very; straight; erect |
| 同事 | tóngshì | colleague / co-worker |
| 同意 | tóngyì | agree / consent |
| 头发 | tóufa | hair (on head) |
| 突然 | tūrán | sudden / suddenly |
| 图书馆 | túshūguǎn | library |
| 腿 | tuǐ | leg |
| 外地 | wài dì | another part of the country; out of town |
| 外卖 | wàimài | takeaway / takeout / food delivery |
| 外语 | wài yǔ | foreign language |
| 完成 | wánchéng | complete / finish / accomplish |
| 晚点 | wǎn diǎn | (of trains etc) late; delayed |
| 晚会 | wǎn huì | evening party; gala |
| 碗 | wǎn | bowl |
| 网球 | wǎng qiú | tennis; tennis ball |
| 网站 | wǎngzhàn | website / web page |
| 忘记 | wàng jì | to forget |
| 卫生间 | wèi shēng jiān | bathroom; toilet |
| 为 | wèi | for; because of; (wéi) to be; to act as |
| 为了 | wèile | for / in order to / for the sake of |
| 文化 | wénhuà | culture / civilization |
| 屋子 | wū zi | room; house |
| 习惯 | xí guàn | habit; to be used to |
| 洗衣机 | xǐyījī | washing machine |
| 洗澡 | xǐzǎo | take a bath / shower |
| 喜爱 | xǐ ài | to like; to love |
| 西 | xī | west |
| 西北 | xī běi | northwest |
| 西方 | xī fāng | the West; west |
| 西瓜 | xīguā | watermelon |
| 西南 | xī nán | southwest |
| 夏天 | xià tiān | summer |
| 先 | xiān | early; prior |
| 相机 | xiàng jī | camera |
| 相信 | xiāngxìn | believe / trust / be convinced |
| 香蕉 | xiāng jiāo | banana |
| 箱子 | xiāng zi | suitcase; box; chest |
| 向 | xiàng | towards / face / direction |
| 像 | xiàng | to resemble; to be like |
| 小区 | xiǎoqū | residential community / housing compound |
| 小心 | xiǎo xīn | to be careful; to take care |
| 校园 | xiào yuán | campus |
| 校长 | xiào zhǎng | school principal; (university) president |
| 鞋 | xié | shoe |
| 心里 | xīn li | in one's heart; in one's mind |
| 新年 | xīn nián | New Year |
| 新闻 | xīn wén | news |
| 新鲜 | xīn xiān | fresh |
| 信 | xìn | letter / trust / believe |
| 信用卡 | xìnyòngkǎ | credit card |
| 行 | xíng | OK / capable / travel |
| 行李 | xíng li | luggage |
| 兴趣 | xìng qù | interest (in sth) |
| 休假 | xiū jià | to go on vacation; to have a holiday; to take leave |
| 需要 | xūyào | need / require |
| 选 | xuǎn | to choose; to pick |
| 选择 | xuǎnzé | choose / choice |
| 学期 | xuéqī | semester / term |
| 牙 | yá | tooth; ivory |
| 牙刷 | yá shuā | toothbrush |
| 羊 | yáng | sheep / goat |
| 养 | yǎng | to raise (animals); to bring up (children) |
| 要求 | yāoqiú | require / demand / request |
| 页 | yè | page; leaf |
| 一般 | yībān | ordinary / general / usually |
| 一边 | yī biān | one side; (一边…一边…) while; at the same time |
| 一定 | yīdìng | certainly / definitely |
| 一共 | yī gòng | altogether |
| 一块儿 | yī kuài r | together; in the same place |
| 一样 | yīyàng | same / alike |
| 一直 | yīzhí | always / all along / straight |
| 以后 | yǐhòu | after / afterwards / in the future |
| 以前 | yǐqián | before / previously / in the past |
| 以上 | yǐ shàng | above; more than; the above |
| 以外 | yǐ wài | apart from; other than |
| 以为 | yǐwéi | think / assume (mistakenly) |
| 以下 | yǐ xià | below; less than; the following |
| 音乐 | yīnyuè | music |
| 银行 | yínháng | bank |
| 银行卡 | yín háng kǎ | bank card; ATM card |
| 饮料 | yǐnliào | beverage / drink |
| 应该 | yīng gāi | ought to; should |
| 影响 | yǐngxiǎng | influence / affect / impact |
| 用 | yòng | use / apply |
| 邮件 | yóujiàn | email / mail / post |
| 邮箱 | yóu xiāng | mailbox; email inbox |
| 游客 | yóu kè | traveler; tourist |
| 游戏 | yóuxì | game / play |
| 有关 | yǒu guān | to have sth to do with; to relate to |
| 有名 | yǒumíng | famous / well-known |
| 有用 | yǒu yòng | useful |
| 又 | yòu | (once) again; also |
| 羽毛球 | yǔ máo qiú | badminton; shuttlecock |
| 雨衣 | yǔ yī | raincoat |
| 语言 | yǔyán | language |
| 遇到 | yù dào | to meet; to run into; to come across |
| 遇见 | yù jiàn | to meet |
| 员 | yuán | person; employee |
| 园 | yuán | land used for growing plants; site used for public recreation |
| 愿意 | yuànyì | willing / ready / wish |
| 月亮 | yuèliàng | moon |
| 越 | yuè | (越…越…) the more … the more; to exceed; to climb over |
| 运动会 | yùn dòng huì | sports meet |
| 运动员 | yùn dòng yuán | athlete |
| 咱们 | zán men | we; us (including the listener) |
| 脏 | zāng | dirty; filthy |
| 怎么办 | zěn me bàn | what's to be done |
| 怎样 | zěn yàng | how; what kind |
| 张 | zhāng | (measure word for flat objects: paper, tickets, tables); to open; to spread |
| 照 | zhào | to shine; to take a photo; according to |
| 照顾 | zhào gu | to take care of; to show consideration |
| 照片 | zhàopiàn | photo / photograph / picture |
| 照相 | zhào xiàng | to take a photograph |
| 着急 | zháo jí | to worry; to feel anxious; to feel a sense of urgency; to be in a hurry |
| 直到 | zhí dào | until |
| 只能 | zhǐ néng | can only; obliged to do sth |
| 只是 | zhǐ shì | merely; only; just; nothing but; simply |
| 只要 | zhǐyào | as long as / provided that |
| 只有 | zhǐ yǒu | only; there is only |
| 纸 | zhǐ | paper |
| 中 | zhōng | middle / center / China |
| 中间 | zhōngjiān | middle / center / between |
| 终于 | zhōng yú | at last; in the end |
| 种 | zhǒng | kind; type; seed; (zhòng) to plant |
| 重要 | zhòngyào | important |
| 周末 | zhōumò | weekend |
| 主要 | zhǔyào | main / major / primary |
| 住院 | zhù yuàn | to be in hospital; to be hospitalized |
| 注意 | zhùyì | pay attention to / notice |
| 字典 | zì diǎn | character dictionary; dictionary |
| 自行车 | zìxíngchē | bicycle |
| 子 | zi | child / son / (noun suffix) |
| 总 | zǒng | general; overall; to sum up |
| 总是 | zǒngshì | always / at all times |
| 嘴 | zuǐ | mouth |
| 最好 | zuìhǎo | best / had better / it would be best |
| 最后 | zuì hòu | last; final; finally |
| 最近 | zuì jìn | recently; lately |
| 作业 | zuòyè | homework / assignment |
| 做客 | zuò kè | to be a guest or visitor |